buy custom Ethics of Indian Surrogate Mothers essay

buy custom Ethics of Indian Surrogate Mothers essay As one of the worlds leading outsourcing destinations, India has currently capitalized on among other things, its international surrogacy business. The business majorly serves foreign couples coming into India to seek for surrogate mothers. Surrogacy business flourishes in India because of three major reasons (Connell, 2011). First, most of these visitors prefer India because it offers surrogacy at a relatively affordable cost. It is argued that the lower cost is largely because of the increasing number of English-speaking Indians and the advancement in medical technology in the country. Second, India has loose legal restrictions which to a larger extent work to protect the rights of couples and not the surrogate mother (Connell, 2011). Finally, there is also an increase in the number of mothers registering in surrogacy business due to the high rates of compensation (Connell, 2011). However, there is still a debate concerning the bioethical implications surrounding the industry. The controversy is whether commercial surrogate motherhood is a form of oppression or an opportunity. It is still a common belief among many Indians that commercial surrogacy has mutual benefits that can change lives (Connell, 2011). Pros of Surrogacy in India Surrogacy as a Solution to Infertility Surrogacy has been a solution to most couples who disparately want a baby and face the issue of the woman not being able to carry the child. Through surrogacy most of the initially threatened marriage relationships have been revived (Rae, 2009). Surrogacy has provided such families with the best chance to carry on their own bloodline. This is possible because it enables the infertile parents to produce their own biological child. The parents use their own egg and sperm. Surrogacy also eases the conception process of women with difficulty in producing eggs or those who have lost their uterus to cancer (Rae, 2009). Surrogacy and relationships/bonding Studies have shown that surrogacy can be an instrument of tremendous bonding. This is especially so in cases where a friend or a family member offers a free surrogacy. Most surrogates also believe that surrogacy is an opportunity for them to show care and love for the unfortunate members of the society. They believe that it is the most extra ordinary gift a woman can ever give. Surrogacy allows for strong emotional bonds to form, making the infertile parents feel less alone in their infertility struggles. The practice has also answered the prayers of those interested in same sex parenting (Mason, 2010). Indian Surrogacy and Cost The major reason why Indian surrogacy is appealing to many couples is because of its lower cost compared to that of other countries. The cost of surrogacy in the U.S, for example, adds up to around U.S. $70,000. In India, it is offered at a lower cost with couples paying as low as $10,000 to 15,000 and sometimes even less (Maher, 2010). These low prices make the Indian surrogacy affordable by middle class Americans who influx the country. A part from benefiting the surrogate mothers, commercial surrogacy has become a major boos to the Indian economy contributing nearly $US6 billion annually (Maher, 2010). Surrogacy as an alternative source of employment Indian women from across the country are increasingly registering in surrogacy because of the tempting salary. To these poor mothers, surrogacy is understood simply as agreeing to carry and deliver a baby and to them, this can not be compared with the financial reward from the whole process. Several Indian women have build new houses, settled huge debts, while others have also heavily invested in the childrens future using their pay from surrogacy (Maher, 2010). Studies have shown that the six thousand dollars paid for just one successful pregnancy is equivalent to 15 years wages for some of these women. Surrogacy has therefore provided an easier way of escaping from poverty for these women and their families (Maher, 2010). Safety and Surrogacy Even though India is one of the countries with the highest maternal mortality, the surrogate mothers safety has been greatly improved. Most clinics screen the profiles of prospective surrogate mothers for potential birth related complications or mental instability (Rae, 2009). The practice has also addressed the issue of the surrogate mothers attachment to the babies by emphasizing on the use of eggs from a spouse or donor to create the embryo. This ensures that the babies being carried are not biologically related to the surrogate mothers and thus reduces the psychological impact on them (Rae, 2009). The clinics also offer counseling and a close medical monitoring throughout the pregnancy and childbirth. This has reduced the emotional issues related to pregnancy and childbirth. The surrogate women are also fully informed of the risks of the procedure (Rae, 2009). Surrogacy and the Childs Welfare The fears about the impact of surrogacy on the well being of children and families have been proved unfounded. Studies have shown that instead, the mothers of children born through surrogacy arrangement show more warmth towards their babies and are more emotionally involved than in the case of families where the child is conceived naturally (Mason, 2010). The studies revealed that both the mother and the father have better parenting skills than do the parents in non-surrogate families. At the same time the babies themselves have also shown no difference in their temperament and behavior compared with the non-surrogate babies (Mason, 2010). Surrogacy and legal issues Unlike the controversy witnessed in some countries, in India, it is clear that the surrogate mother cannot keep the child. Even in circumstances that the contract is not clear, the Indian women are clear that their main interest is the financial benefit from the whole process and not the child. The Indian law also prevents a surrogate mothers name from appearing on the birth certificate and denies her the right to keep the child. Such legal issues are well handled by a team consisting of an attorney versed in laws on surrogacy (Rae, 2009). The Cons of Surrogacy in India Even though it iis believed that the self-regulation of fertility clinics has resulted in more than adequate care for surrogate mothers, the future may be compromising. As the supply of fertility clinics increases to meet demand, the incentives to undercut competition in India may lead to unscrupulous treatment centers. This might compromise the well being of both the surrogate mothers and the children (Rae, 2009). According to Dr. Arthur, the surrogacy contracts are usually written to protect the wealthy people who are commissioning the baby (Mason, 2010). It fails to address situations in which the woman may suffer an injury, develop a health problem due to childbirth, or cases of a long-term chronic condition. Certain experts have also criticized the practice of implanting many embryos into the surrogate mother with the aim of enhancing the chances of pregnancy. They argue that this is done simply to save the wealthy couples the expenses of having to travel back to India. The surrogate mothers also risk not being paid if the pregnancy does not go to full term or the child does not live (Mason, 2010). A concern has also been raised over where the evolution of surrogacy might lead to. It may go beyond helping infertile couples to being a way for mothers who could carry a child to opt not to. This is already being practiced in many countries with women avoiding the normal pregnancy process. With the future advancement in genetic knowledge, surrogacy could be involved in fertile couples wanting to make what they think is the perfect child with perfect traits (Mason, 2010). The surrogate mothers have to move far away from her family for the entire period of pregnancy. This comes with such problems as language barrier and culture shocks. It may also be a frightening experience to live in the third world clinics where such issues as congestion in operating theatres still remain unresolved. Most of these clinics also lack neonatal intensive care facility close by for the baby after the birth. The situation in India is also different from that of the developed countries where couples are normally concerned about the medical safety of their pregnant surrogate mother and their unborn child (Rae, 2009). Surrogate mothers also suffer psychologically from giving birth to a child whom they will immediately be separated from. This whole process is seen as a western culture making some village residents to always want to disapprove any surrogacy pregnancy. The issue has caused divisions in most families and villages in India (Rae, 2009). Conclusion As much as this practice has its advantages, there is need for a law that adequately addresses regulation of fertility industry in this country. The current law is inadequate and guided by only a non binding suggestion from a medical research council. It to a larger extent works to protect the interest of the wealthy couples while leaving the life of the surrogate mothers and the children at risk. Such regulations should also be clear on who is allowed to seek the intervention of surrogate mothers to avoid the possibility of fertile women doing the same. Buy custom Ethics of Indian Surrogate Mothers essay

Sweet Quotes

Sweet Quotes There are some words that touch our heart in a very special way. They make us say, Aww! That was so sweet! On this page, I have some really sweet quotes with a hint of innocence, a dash of love, and oodles of attitude in them. Irish BlessingsMay God give you: For every storm a rainbow, for every tear a smile, for every care a promise and a blessing in each trial. For every problem life sends, a faithful friend to share, for every sigh a sweet song and an answer for each prayer. Julie AndrewsSometimes Im so sweet even I cant stand it. Oscar Hammerstein IIDo I love you because youre beautiful, or are you beautiful because I love you? Am I making believe I see in you, a woman too perfect to be really true? Do I want you because youre wonderful, or are you wonderful because I want you? Are you the sweet invention of a lovers dream, or are you really as beautiful as you seem? SenecaThings that were hard to bear are sweet to remember. AnonymousLoving you is like breathing, how can I stop? Helen KellerThe best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched - they must be felt with the heart AnonymousNobody loves a woman because she is handsome or ugly, stupid or intelligent. We love becaus e we love. Lisa HoffmanLove is like pi natural, irrational, and very important. Jennifer TylerMy mind tells me to give up, but my heart wont let me. Oscar WildeWho, being loved, is poor? AnonymousPlease God, make my words today sweet and tender, for tomorrow I may have to eat them. Lisa MoriyamaIf a relationship is to evolve, it must go through a series of endings. PlatoAt the touch of love, everyone becomes a poet. Mother TeresaWe can not do great things. We can only do little things with great love. Satchel PaigeWork like you dont need the money. Love like youve never been hurt. Dance like nobodys watching.

Computing Business e-Systems and Technology Essay

Computing Business e-Systems and Technology - Essay Example i. Keep all the divisions/ sites fully connected through LAN, WAN or MAN depending upon the distances between those sites. ii. Keep an updated record of the Human Resources of the company. iii. Makes available the daily/ weekly/ monthly reports of different sites. iv. Assimilate latest information about the company's competitors v. Help in preparing a roadmap for future expansion vi. Enhance research, development and innovation activities. vii. Ensure greater ICT focus viii. Help in long range and strategic planning. ix. Help in improving the production processes x. Help in identifying and strengthening the Critical Success Factors (CSF). 2. Such an investment can support a core competency. Great companies invariably have one or two core competencies, something they can do better than anyone else. An IT investment in a company's core competency can create a significant barrier to entry for other companies, defending the organization's primary turf and protecting its markets and profits. 3. An EIS can build supply chain networks. Firms that are a part of an integrated supply chain system have established relationships of trust with suppliers. This means faster delivery times, problem-free delivery. 4. An EIS can bring the company in league with E-commerce. Though a company dealing in defence matters may not that be open to e-commerce like a white goods company, but still the company web sites can be personalized to each customers interests, expectations, and commercial needs. They can also be used to create a sense of community. Both of these tend to increase customer loyalty. Scope and Method During the earlier attempt, the company used in-house talent for developing an EIS....Great companies invariably have one or two core competencies, something they can do better than anyone else. An IT investment in a company's core competency can create a significant barrier to entry for other companies, defending the organization's primary turf and protecting its markets and profits. 3. An EIS can build supply chain networks. Firms that are a part of an integrated supply chain system have established relationships of trust with suppliers. This means faster delivery times, problem-free delivery. 4. An EIS can bring the company in league with E-commerce. Though a company dealing in defence matters may not that be open to e-commerce like a white goods company, but still the company web sites can be personalized to each customers interests, expectations, and commercial needs. They can also be used to create a sense of community. Both of these tend to increase customer loyalty. During the earlier attempt, the company used in-house talent for developing an EIS. An in-house resource has the advantage that it knows more things about the functioning of the company. But it has a significant disadvantage that it doesn't know much about the competitor's strengths and the latest trend in the market place. Moreover Communication Company is not supposed to have the kind of expertise required for a detailed survey and subsequent data analysis. Since the company has al

Employee Turnover Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employee Turnover - Research Paper Example Normally, the major reasons for a job change have to do with better benefits or satisfaction. The employees have a tendency to move towards an industry with better motivation in terms of benefits as well as satisfaction. They also assume a lifetime perspective as they make choices about job change. Employees therefore make such choices to change their jobs while considering the future changes in job satisfaction and enrichment as well as maximized benefits. Luxury hotels are among the categories of hotels in the hospitality industry. These kind of hotels are specifically built in strategic areas where there is targeted market of high class people in the society as well as foreign and domestic tourists. They are normally positioned in the big cities of a country where the GDP of that country is high and center for the business district where politicians, renowned businessmen, diplomats and other dignitaries can access them. They are also situated at tourist attraction centers where th e tourists can get access to them whenever they visit the centers. These hotels are normally very expensive to board considering the kind of architecture they employ as well as the high standard of service that they offer. According to their positions or where they are situated, some of these hotels operate only on a seasonal basis. This is so because tourism makes the largest of their clients and when the tourists are not around, the hotels remain closed for a better part of their operation yearly. There are different categories of employees that do exist in the luxury hotels and these are together with; management as well as non-management. Management employees consist of those employees involved in the major decision making about the hotels which forms the basis for running the hotels. These might be together with the Chief Executive officer, Managing Director, Chief of Staff as well as Departmental Heads. They are involved in the major decision making about the hotel. The other category of employees is the non-management employees. This category consists of workers of lower rank like the casual laborers as well as the departmental employees apart from their heads that fall in the management category. Reasons for High Turnover in Luxury Hotels There are various reasons why employee turnover rate is very high in the luxury hotels. Some of these reasons are together with the seasonality of the hotel customers, low compensation level as well as low job satisfaction and enrichment that reduces the employees’ self esteem due to low employee motivation. (a) Seasonality of the Industry The major clients of the luxury hotels are the tourists apart from those built in the city centers which do not necessarily have to depend on tourists. Tourism as well known is a seasonal industry where the tourists may come to a country to visit different sites just during a particular season after which they go back to their country and attend to their other duties for the rest of their time until the season returns.

Scope of nursing Essay Example for Free

Scope of nursing Essay Expanding o r E panding your Scope of N rsing Nursing Practice – a practical g p guide Leanne Boase Deborah Pedron The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Scope of Nursing and p g Midwifery Practice What is it? Why Wh is it so important? Why is everyone y y talking about it? Who manages it? Who is responsible? The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Aims of this Presentation 1. To define what Scope of Practice means for Nurses and Midwives Midwives. 2. To present different concepts around Scope of p p p Practice 3. T 3 To report on findings of a small survey of t fi di f ll f nurses and Scope of Practice 4. To discuss expanding Scope of Practice and provide a framework 5. To relate these concepts to ‘real life’ nursing roles. o es. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre According to our nurses, Scope Of Practice P ti (SOP) is: i SO SOP is Guidelines G and Frameworks we need to abide and work within SOP relates to what I am allowed and not allowed to do within my profession SOP relates to codes of conduct, ethics and professional conduct SOP relates to what a nurse can do within their skill base Area of tasks, procedures and actions a nurse can legally and safely undertake according to their training and education The scope of which p my role as a RN, specialist or credentialed DNE can work within Maintaining knowledge base and competency through constant learning and professional development The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Something which I am taught, qualified, taught qualified or competent to do Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre What is Scope of Practice? p â€Å"That which Nurses and â€Å"the range of roles, functions, functions responsibilities activities, which a registered nurse or a registered midwife is educated, competent, and has the authority to perform † perform. (An Bord Altranais p1) Midwives are educated, competent and authorised to perform. † (QNC p3) Scope of p p practice is not defined in many places. We should define nursing practice and outline principles to assist with the expansion of one’s scope p p of practice And/ Or Require the health professional to identify restricted activities. ( (DEST) ) The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service â€Å"What health care workers actually do in the course of their employment which encompasses the full range of nursing activities. † An individuals scope refers to â€Å"the activities which that nurse is educated and authorised to perform. † (NSWNA p1) â€Å"A professions scope of practice is the full spectrum of roles, functions, responsibilities, activities and decision-making capacity which i di id l within th profession are it hi h individuals ithi the f i educated, competent and authorised to perform†. â€Å"The scope of practice of an individual nurse or midwife may be more specifically defined than the scope of practice of their profession. † ti f th i f i † (ANMC 2007 p2;23) Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre What is Scope of Practice? p †¢ Our definition: Full range of activities that we (nurses and midwives) have been educated, deemed competent, and are authorised to do. It is t t d th i d t d i not just a list of activities and j tasks, or a role description. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre What Evidence supports your SOP? †¢ From our nurses: – Continuing Professional Development (CPD) – Number of hours per week working – Certificates registration Certificates, – Reflection – Document everything y g †¢ From the literature: – Maintaining records of:  » Reviewing journal articles  » In service education In-service  » Conferences  » Informal or formal discussions  » Accredited educational programs The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Who determines Scope Of Practice? p Is it the clinician the employer, the profession, the clinician, employer profession client, the registering body, the area of practice or specialty, the legislation, codes of conduct IT IS ALL OF THESE!! The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Who determines Scope Of Practice? p From the literature, there are several common themes: The primary determinant of scope of practice for all nurses and midwives is the enhancement of outcomes d id i i th h t f t for patients, and meeting consumer needs. Nurses and Midwives are responsible for their own decisions around scope of practice There are many factors that influence and contribute to scope of practice (Nurses Board Western Australia, Nurses Board of Victoria, Australian Nursing Federation, Ohio Nurses Board, Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council) The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Who determines Scope Of Practice? p Employers, Employers Organisations ; their Policies Patient ; Consumer Needs ; Outcomes O t Professional Bodies SOP Individual Scope of Practice Nurse Or Midwife – You! Regulatory Authorities The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Law Craigieburn Health Service Professional P f i l Scope of Practice Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Why do we need to expand SOP? Nursing d Mid if N i and Midwifery experience and knowledge are i dk l d invaluable resources. It is natural for a Nurse or Midwife to evolve from being a novice, to an expert, and even further towards expanding their scope of p p g p practice, as they y continually learn and adapt to the needs of their clients Again, i A i primarily, expanding scope of practice must il di f ti t be driven by the need to provide improved outcomes and meet the needs of consumers. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Why do we need to expand SOP? The Health Care Landscape is changing! y Think about the shift to community based and outpatient care, higher acuity patients, technological advances, etc. advances etc The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Why do we need to expand SOP? Nursing and Midwifery evolves along with the i d id if l l ih h health care sector. Nurses and Midwives are: †¢ Participating more and more in evaluation, g patient care assessment and decision making in p †¢ Professional – educated, competent, authorised and registered †¢ Participating in the growth and evolution th d l ti of health care The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Expanding Scope of Practice p g p †¢ How our nurses and midwives have d id i h maintained/expanded theirs: – Conferences/workshops/courses – Self-directed learning i. e. research on-line, journal g ,j reading – In-service education †¢ How they plan to expand in the future: – As above – Presenting in-services in area of expertise The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Expanding Scope of Practice p g p The key concepts for Expanding Scope of Practice found in the literature include: 1. The primary motivation of any expansion to scope of practice is to meet needs of the client or improve outcomes and access 2. The competency or task must be well defined and understood 3. Any expansion must enhance the existing aspects of professional practice 4. The expansion to scope is lawful, appropriate for the context, consistent with relevant standards, acceptable to the profession, consistent with the relevant profession organisations’ policies and consultation and planning has occurred. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Expanding Scope of Practice p g p Key concepts of Expanding Scope of Practice – continued: 5. The registered nurse/midwife expanding their practice is already practising at an advanced level and has the education p p , p p and competence to perform the task, and is prepared to be accountable. They have been assessed by a competent health professional. 6. Nurses and midwives are accountable for making professional 6 N d id i t bl f ki f i l judgements when an activity is beyond their capacity and to initiate consultation/referral 7. Nursing and midwifery decisions are best made in a collaborative context, with ongoing risk assessment, planning, planning evaluation and support Always discuss expanding your scope with your peers, employers, professional organisations and your registering body. d i i b d The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Expanding Scope of Practice p g p There should be no artificial barriers to Scope Of Practice or expanding SOP such as: †¢ Ambiguous or inconsistent policy †¢ Overly specific or restrictive policy †¢ Inconsistent guidelines and frameworks eg. differences between States and regions †¢ Turf wars or uninformed attitudes The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Expanding Scope of Practice p g p When developing policy and planning for expansion consider: †¢ Permissive versus restrictive approaches – do you want to specifically restrict practice, or allow expansion to proceed within the broader guidelines? †¢ Profession versus client focussed approaches – it is best to be responsive to the needs of the client – ‘nurses will do what nurses needs to be done, providing he or she is competent to do it’. †¢ Competency standards should recognise the characteristics of nursing as well as the broader attributes or potential and i ll h b d ib i l d evolving roles. †¢ Overarching or broad statements are more effective than detailed or overly-specific statements when defining or expanding scope of practice. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre SOP Expansion Framework Self-inquiry Define the task or activity you wish to add to your role, then ask: Is it legal? No STOP No Yes STOP Am I covered by Hospital Policy? Yes Yes Am I competent? Do I have relevant knowledge and confidence? Yes Am I willing to accept . accountability? Yes PROCEED The Northern Hospital Do you need to develop policy in line with the evidence base? Will this improves outcomes for the patient/consumer and will it improve access to services? Panch Health Service No STOP No STOP Can you access relevant education, education are you willing? NO STOP Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Key Take Home Messages y g †¢ This is relevant to all nurses and midwives. †¢ Not one single factor determines Scope Of Practice. †¢ Scope o p act ce should be shaped to benefit the of practice s ou d s aped be e t t e patient, and improve outcomes, as should any expansions to SOP. †¢ Governance of SOP is complex, but is essentially the responsibility of the nurse or midwife . †¢ Use this frame ork and information in conj nction framework conjunction with NMBA/AHPRA guidelines, relevant State or Federal Legislation, and your g , y employing organisation and it’s policies. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Questions The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre

Dress Code :: essays research papers

Dress code has been the biggest topic between the Board officials and parents. There have been many decisions and arguments that were worked out by administration and local school, often at the request of parents. There should be a dress code for students for several reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many public schools today are making dangerous decisions and these decisions may end up saving someone's life. The decisions are about school uniforms and dress codes. Public schools are beginning to open their eyes to the real world and see what their students are wearing and what the clothes are about. Some schools have banned any clothes with inappropriate symbols or sayings. Baggy wear is very dangerous. Schools are now even taking away the privilege of those clothes for the reason that weapons and other dangerous, illegal items may be smuggled in under loose pants, hats, shirts and jackets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cost of maintaining a stylish wardrobe can be expensive. Many families have more important things to spend their money on than the image of school children. The dress code may be a way to keep the costs of school down for those families. In some schools, there has even been fighting or stealing based on expensive sneakers or jewelry. There are many clothes in fashion for boys and girls which are not appropriate for school dress. Good taste and common sense should dictate parental and student choice of school clothes. The school will determine what is not appropriate dress, even if it conforms to current fashion. Also, school dress should not be viewed as a daily fashion show.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this essay I had many compelling reason why there should be dress codes for students. I think that schools should have dress codes because it they can help people

The Design Argument – as Level

Outline the Key Concepts of the Design Argument [21 marks] The design argument is also referred to at the Teleological Argument stemmed from the Greek work ‘Telos’ meaning end or purpose. It is an ‘A posterior’ argument (from experience) based on our empirical senses and it is synthetic meaning that it is from observation. The argument is also inductive meaning there a number of possible conclusions. The main basis of the Teleological argument is based on a designer commonly known as ‘the classical God of theism’ (hereafter referred to as God)The outline of the design argument is that the universe has order and purpose and is regular, the complexities of the universe demonstrate some form of design, a design requires a designer, and this designer is God. This however is an inductive leap meaning that the Design argument is valid but not sound. The key concepts of the argument are that the universe has order, there are laws and regularities, the universe has purpose, and therefore the objects in the universe appear to work towards and end or purpose.The universe has benefit, meaning that it provides all that is necessary for life and more and finally, the suitability for human life, as the Universe provides ideal environments and conditions for human life to exist and flourish. Like the cosmological argument, the design argument goes back to Plato, who stated that the human body, with all its particles and elements, must owe its origin to ‘the royal mind soul and mind in the nature of Zeus’.The theory of the Design argument was first put forward by Socrates who was a Greek Philosopher who lived in 400 BC, one of the main strengths of Socrates proposing this theory is this means it is a Pre Christian idea and also that it has withstood the test of time. Socrates said ‘With such signs of forethought in the design of living creatures how can there be any doubt that they are the work of choice or design. â₠¬â„¢ Thomas Aquinas who lived in the 13th century furthered the idea of Socrates Design Argument; he wrote a book called the ‘Summa Theologica’ and was strongly influenced by Aristotle.Aquinas rejected the possibility of an infinite regress of movers and causes to explain the existence of movers and causes to explain the existence of mutable beings. Aquinas proposed 5 ways to prove the existence of God, the unmoved mover, the uncaused case, Possibility and Necessity, Goodness Truth and Nobility and the Teleological Argument. He called these the fifth way and is ‘’from the governance of things’’. Aquinas also proposed the theory of design qua regularity, ‘That we call God’.Aquinas maintained that since such behaviour patterns rarely change, and their end result is beneficial, there must be a purpose to them, and if non-rational beings can work towards such a goal, something must be directing them to do so. ‘Now whatever lacks knowledge cannot move towards an end, unless directed, and this being we call God. ’ He also championed the Analogy of the arrow directed by the archer showing that in order for something to end somewhere, there must be someone causing the movement, the arrow could not have ended us on the board on its own.William Paley, an 18th Century Philosopher continued to develop the principles of the Design argument, showing many more extended features to Socrates original concept. Paley championed the theory of design qua purpose and that a design requires a designer. ‘’The world is too complex and well-designed to have come about by chance. It seems to have been planned by an intelligent mind for a special purpose. ’’ For Paley, the world is like a machine made up of intricate parts, all of which worked towards an end for the benefit of the whole. Paley proposed the analogy of the watch and the watch maker. ’Suppose you had never seen a watch before . One day when you are out walking, you find one on the ground. You would instantly see how complex it is. ’’ His theory was that if you came across a watch then it is so intricate therefore it must have been designed. Therefore the universe is so fine-tuned that there must have been a designer for this too. It is obvious that both are not there by chance. Another analogy for this is the eye is designed so well for the purpose of seeing. A designer gave each part of the universe a special purpose. Paley makes the inductive leap to say that this designer is God.The Anthropic principle is a key feature of the Design argument and suits the theory of Design qua Regularity proposed by F. R. Tennant showing that science and religion are one in the same. He argues that human life flourishes on earth, therefore there must have been a supreme designer, that designer being God. Tennant accepts the scientific reasoning of evolution as a fine balance of ‘’fine tuningà ¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and God’s chosen way to support life. Tennant also argues that ‘’the world could so easily have been chaotic’’ and that ‘’the universe is not chaotic, nature is the outcome of intelligent design. ’ Others argue that the earth runs so smoothly and everything works together therefore ‘’The world is compatible with a single throw of a dice and common sense is not foolish in suspecting the dice has been loaded’’ cited by Vardy. James Lovelock of the 20th century furthered the anthropic principle in ways of the Gaia Hypothesis, ‘’engineering on a planetary scale’’ cited by Vardy. He suggests that the oxygen content in the air, the salt content in the sea and the temperature of the earth are all precise in order for human life to flourish.If the oxygen content in the air were to be 12% less no fire would be able to burn, if the oxygen content were 25% more, then no f ire would ever go out, however over the last 25 million years, the oxygen content has remained at 21% which is perfect to sustain human life. One other person who championed the idea of the Anthropic principle is Arthur Brown from the 20th century, he says that science shows the way in which a designer chose to design, †The ozone gas layer is mighty proof of the creators forethought†¦ Just the right thickness and exactly the correct defence, gives evidence of a plan. ‘ However there are two type of Anthropic principle, the weak Anthropic principle states that conditions on the earth were such that human life adapted to the conditions, for example evolution. The strong anthropic principle revolves around conditions being set up for human life to be introduced, for example a Baby's nursery being all ready for the baby to be introduced into it. In 1986 Freeman Dyson said â€Å"in the universe there are many accidents of physics and astronomy that have worked together for our benefit, it almost seems as if the universe knew we were coming. The weak anthropic principle however states that human life adapted to the conditions of the earth, for example, by way of evolution. This does not eliminate that Evolution means that there was no divine power involved, in the 19th century Archbishop Temple stated â€Å"The doctrine of evolution leaves the argument for an intelligent creator†¦ stronger than it was before. † In the 20th century, Tennant worked alongside Taylor in proposing the aesthetic principle which observes that the universe possess a natural beauty that goes beyond that which is necessary to live.For example art, literature, music all contribute in making the world a nicer place for us to live, we would be able to live without these things however F. R Tennant observes that ‘Nature is not just beautiful in places it is saturated with beauty†¦ from an intelligent point of view beauty seems to be superfluous to have lit tle survival value. ‘ Another example of the aesthetic principle is shown within people and the example of Weary Dunlop, cited by Vardy. Weary Dunlop was an Australian Doctor during World War II who cared for thousands of injured soldiers who showed endless compassion and love.This example shows that humans are not selfish, leading to an intelligent designer creating some humans to have beauty beyond what is necessary. Franciscan Theology also supports the aesthetic principle and stresses the idea of beauty and the beauty within creation; this therefore leads to a direct pointer of God's nature, showing an omnibenevolent and numinous experience. In the 20th century Richard Swinburne furthered the argument of God due to that of Design, by developing the argument of probability as a key concept.He furthered a statement made by Socrates, ‘with such signs of forethought in the design of living creature, how can there be doubt that they are the work of choice or design. †™ Swinburne suggested that the evidence of design and the order in the universe increases the probability of the existence of God. He states that a belief in God is compatible with science. This is due to the theory that without a designer the universe could have been chaotic, the universe seems to be governed therefore order is present, order is more probable and the probability for design is much greater than that of chance.Swinburne uses the parable of the card shuffling machine to show that if a man was locked in a room with 10 card shuffling machines and unless the ten machines all chose an ace of hearts from each of the packs, he would die, however the machine chooses an ace of hearts from each pack. Swinburne says it would not be adequate for the victim to claim that no explanation of the draw is required here. You would have expected the card machines to have been designed that way as the chances of this happening are seemingly almost impossible.Swinburne uses this parable to even say that ‘’the very succession of science is showing us how deeply ordered the natural world is’’ and that ‘’science provides strong grounds for believing that there is a deeper cause in that order. ’’ Harold Morowitz thought that the chances of the universe being ordered in such a way would be the equivalent of throwing four billion penny pieces into the air and all of them landing ‘heads up’. William Ockham developed the theory of Ockham’s razor, and even though not specifically to do with the design argument, he states that ‘’the simplest explanation is usually the best explanation’.Fred Hoyle continued Swinburne’s probability as a way of explaining a need for a designer by proposing that the probability that the universe developed by chance is much the same as if a whirlwind flew threw and junkyard and assembling a Boeing 747. Even though Kant rejects the idea of the des ign argument he even states that ‘it is the oldest, the clearest and most accordant with the common reason of mankind’ and that ‘this proof always deserves to be mentioned with respect’. b. Comment on the view that the strengths outweigh the weaknesses [9 marks]The teleological argument contains many opponents who have found weaknesses within its theory. Epicurus, a Greek Philosopher devised the Epicuran Hypothesis, stating that the universe has come about only by chance and that a number of particles floating around in space, at some point these particles formed together to create a universe, due to there being enough time for the combination of particles to make a universe. He rejects Swinburne’s theory of probability and believes that the chaotic state, by chance, led to order.Sarah Tyler explains this theory in ways of monkeys and typewriters in saying that if an ‘infinite number of monkeys’ were to be given an ‘infinite amount of typewriters’, in time they would eventually ‘produce the entire works of Shakespeare’. However, in my opinion, judging by Epicuran Hypothesis and then Swinburne’s theory of probability, I believe that the strength of Swinburne’s argument outweighs that of Epicurus. Neither can be proven however with what humans know today, Swinburne’s development somewhat seems more probable in explaining how the universe began.I believe that the strengths in this case outweigh the weaknesses of the design argument. The main critic of the Design argument was David Hume in the 18th century, who was an empiricist, therefore based all his arguments of proof. He does not reject the idea of God, however fails to make the inductive leap from having a designer to that designer being God. He says that ‘the world was only the first rude essay of some infant deity who abandoned it afterwards. ’ Hume believes that if there is a God that this God is not necessarily what humans assume him to be, if he is even still in existence.Hume also believes that there could have been a ‘co-operative of lesser god. ’ For example a man who claims he builds his own house does not actually build it but requires others to do the work for him, e. g. a carpenter, electrician. Hume states that humans ‘assume’ what is going on outside the world and beyond, yet we cannot know. Another rejection of the design argument from Hume is that he says the world around us is not perfect yet religious believers claim that God is perfect and unlimited in every way, therefore if a perfect God designed the world, why isn’t it perfect?Hume then furthered his rejection of the Design argument by refuting the use of analogies by saying that they are unsound because God is beyond human understanding therefore anyone who uses Analogies is supporting anthropomorphism and likening God to a human or object, therefore making God less divine. Hu me also says that the world is natural like an animal or vegetables, it is organic and it grows changes and moves. Hume continues to say ‘the world is more organic than mechanic’, likening the world to a carrot. Hume does have many more criticisms on the Design Argument however his main problem with it is due to the inductive leap.Other criticisms of his include not assuming the laws of cause and effect. In my opinion, Hume’s argument for the weaknesses of the design argument is a very strong argument as he considers the theory of God when proposing his ideas. No other person has been able to challenge Hume’s criticism that if the world is not perfect then God cannot be omnipotent, omnibenevolent and omniscient, leading to a gap in the inconsistent triad of God. In my opinion I think that this weakness does have an impact on all other strengths as it is the only one hat I can definitely say is a valid argument and makes sense to me. Another person who oppo ses the Design argument is J. S. Mill in the 19th century, who furthered the work of Hume and goes contrary to the idea of the world being an ordered, beautiful and harmonious place. He looks at the problem of suffering and that as there is so much in the world, this goes against the idea of an all loving, all powerful God. He states that if there were a designer God, he would have control over cosmic forces. ‘’Go straight to their end without regarding whom or what they crush in their road. ’ In my opinion, this weakness is fairly strong as the problem of evil demonstrates a limited God. A God that is wholly good or wholly powerful would not have created evil therefore it has to be one or the other. JS Mill personally believes that this God is good but not all powerful. Charles Darwin of the 19th century, wrote the book ‘Origin of Species’ is another person who refutes the design argument and provided an alternative explanation for the design of wor ld without reference to God, this is the theory of evolution and natural selection, ‘the survival of the fittest. However, I believe that Darwin’s theory of evolution is a weak argument against the existence of a God as it can also be placed into the category of the weak anthropic principle as the way God chose to introduce human beings; however we adapted to the conditions over time. Therefore I believe that Paley as a proponent of the design argument, his theory of there being a designer to design the universe is a much stronger argument than Charles Darwin’s theory of Evolution as there is no explanation as to where evolution began in the first place, so ultimately no conclusion.Richard Dawkins of the 20th century argues that Natural Selection give the appearance of design however we are mistaken into believing that this shows there must be a designer. He opposes Swinburne and Tennant and Taylor and says that nature is random, meaning the world was formed by c hance. He says that ‘’Biology is God’’ and people are lazy therefore made up this ‘’God of the Gaps’’. He says there is ‘’no more evidence for God then there is the Easter Bunny’ and that ‘life has no purpose’ and ‘God is a superfluous hypothesis’.I believe that this weakness to disprove the Design argument is weak as there is no evidence and is trying to disprove one of the earliest theories by comparing it to the Easter Bunny, therefore I feel that this weakness does not outweigh any of the strengths. A. J Ayre as another opponent said ‘unless we can say what the world is like without design we cannot conclude design’. Kant furthered this by saying the world could be chaotic but we perceive it as being ordered.To conclude this argument, the design argument is a religiously ambiguous and Paul Davies makes this clear by stating ‘’this is really a question of your threshold of conviction. It has to be a matter of personal taste whether you regard the accumulated evidence as compelling enough to want to make that inductive leap. ’’ The design argument is eschatologically verifiable. Many people however still are not convinced yet do not reject the argument fully, for example John Wisdom’s parable of the Gardener showing that everyone has different opinions on how the world was designed and has been maintained.John Lesley also says that ‘’if rocks had made by God stamped on them we would know it is made by God – they don’t’ therefore we can’t know for sure. In conclusion to the question of strengths and weaknesses I feel that for me, the strengths, even, though there may be fewer than weaknesses, their principles outweigh the number of weaknesses. I personally think that the design argument cannot thoroughly prove the existence of God; however it gives a clear indicator to a des igner.

Stress and Coping

The psychosocial theory of stress and coping is of the utmost importance to patient care and recovery. It has been found that among other things, stress can affect the rate of wound healing, susceptibility to infectious diseases, and the development and progression of cancer (Walker et al, 2007). The nurse plays an integral role in the management and alleviation of patients’ stress, and can provide valuable mechanisms to aid in the process of coping with the stressor. Stress is a concept, not a fact, and is best described by using a theoretical model (Walker et al, 2007). One of these models is the Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional model of stress and coping. It suggests that stress can be reduced by interventions that make the person think differently about the stressor, or that a person’s perception of their ability to cope with the stressor can be changed (Glanze et al, 2008). In the text to follow, it will demonstrate how nursing care has benefited from the application of this theoretical model, and how particular nursing care interventions can help change patients’ perspective of certain stressors, and their ability to cope with the stressor. The entire family, not just the patient experiences the stresses associated with a family member being hospitalized (Lewis et al, 1989). By involving the family in a patient’s care regime it can change the person’s perspective of their ability to cope, by providing a support network, and can help alleviate not only the patient’s stress, but the stress of the family too. The nurse needs to understand what family means to the patient. It might not be traditional, for example related by blood, or married. Patient care should be planned with the family in mind, and families should be made aware of what the care plan is. This way they are better equipped to support the patient (Lewis et al, 1989).

Teamwork and Childrens Services †Psychology Essay

Teamwork and Childrens Services – Psychology Essay Free Online Research Papers Teamwork and Childrens Services Psychology Essay Working in children’s services requires teamwork and it is very important to understand how to manage early childhood services and work with other staff members as a team. The staff of the service have to work together to understand everything that happens in a centre and how they can use this information to make the service even better in the future. To establish an effective and efficient early childhood team a lot of planning is required that involves all of the staff members. In addition, a motivating leader would be needed to show the staff the way towards the future. Each staff member has to work in collaboration with each other to solve problems, come up with ways to make the centre of higher quality and appealing to the parents. As Ebbeck and Waniganayake (2003,p.195) point out ‘shared decision making is one secret of successful management’. A team also has to come up with ways to maximize their time and resources. A team can be described as a group of people that share a common goal and will work together to achieve it. These people will be of different backgrounds and will have different skills and abilities and also have great communication skills. Ebbeck and Waniganayake(2003, p.197) support this by saying ‘A vital part of any centre’s functioning is the communication that occurs among staff†¦.’ If there is lack of teamwork it can lead to a stressful workplace, a poor quality childcare and higher turn over rate and as a result, the parents and children that are associated with the center will suffer. S o teams need to communicate regularly with each other, be willing and be flexible. When selecting people for jobs in early childhood, you have to keep a few questions in mind like : How many children are attending the centre? What kind of qualifications does the centre need? Every centre and its staff will have a common philosophy of the children’s development and the best ways that they can enhance it. But each staff member might have different values and attitudes and will bring that towards caring for children. Staff should talk to each other about what their weaknesses and strengths are so that they can find a way to overcome them or get better. For example – a staff member might not be good at taking music group times but is good at language group times, so other staff members can help that member get better at music group times. After all no one is perfect and the team will work better when they know what their weaknesses are and how they can change. If the staff are lacking in an area that relates to the children, then training should be provi ded for the staff to get better. People that have positive attitude and support other staff members will work better in a children’s service than a person with a negative attitude who never wants to communicate. When a problem arises, staff members should get together and discuss it and possibly resolve it because the longer you leave it, the worse it might get. Also once in a week, get the staff to write down any major issues that happened with the children during the week. For example if a child asked the staff a question that they didn’t know how to answer then that staff member should go and find out the answer for next time. You could also play a game every month where each staff member writes down a positive aspect that they like about each of the staff members. For example – Samantha is very good at conducting music group times and has a bubbly personality. This will boost every staff members self esteem and make them feel good. When staff have a good rel ationship it will show and this will in turn impact on children and how they act towards other children. Each staff member should make a long and short term goals that they want to achieve and they should monitor it too see if they are getting closer to achieving it or need help After all, early childhood services are there for the best interests of children and Research indicates that children who attend a high quality child care are less likely to have problems in school later on. When the centre is run smoothly everything else will flow smoothly as well. To put it briefly, Quality staff is they key to the smooth running of any early childhood service. References: Community childcare co-operative NSW (2005 student edition) Managing a child care service. Sydney: CCC Ltd (NSW) Ebbeck, M. and Waniganayake, M. (2003). Early childhood Professionals, Leading today and tomorrow. Sydney: Maclennan and Petty Light, H.R. (1968) The nature of management. Nairobi : Kenya Oberhumer, P. (1999) Conceptualizing the professional role in early childhoods centres: Emerging profiles in four European countries. Samson, D. and Daft, R.L. (2000) fundamentals of management. Dryden press. Orlando :Florida Research Papers on Teamwork and Children's Services - Psychology EssayInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office SystemEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHip-Hop is ArtResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

In Spoken French, the Ne in Negatives May Be Dropped

In Spoken French, the Ne in Negatives May Be Dropped French negation can be tricky. Normally, to make a statement negative you need to surround the conjugated verb with the formal French negative adverb  ne...pas. However, if youve ever watched French movies or television, or chatted with native speakers, you have almost certainly heard pas (or another negative adverb) used without ne, because this is a typical construction, characteristic of informal and familiar French. Although  the full express  (ne...pas)  is nearly always written out, the ne  is often dropped in spoken French. But  you should be able to construct a sentence, in most cases, using the full ne...pas  that means the same thing.  Pas  without  ne can be used to negate adjectives, adverbs, nouns, pronouns, and verbs.   Purists will tell you that using pas without ne  is wrong (and they tell me I shouldnt teach it), but the reality is that this is how the French speak now.  So if your goal is to sound more French, thats how you should speak, too. Informal Negative Statements Without Ne Je ne sais pas. Je sais pas.  Or even:  Jsais pas,  Sais pas,  and  Chais pas (pronounced  Shai pah). (I dont know.)  Il ne va pas venir. Il va pas venir. (He isnt going to come.)Elle nest pas encore arrivà ©e. Elle est pas encore arrivà ©e. (She hasnt arrived yet.)Ne bouge pas  ! Bouge pas  ! (Dont move!)Il ne faut pas faire à §a  ! Il faut pas faire à §a. (You shouldnt do that!Note: Its not just  ne...pas  constructions where speakers drop the ne; they do as well with all the other negative structures.Je nai plus dargent Jai plus dargent. (I dont have any more money.)Nous ne le voyons jamais Nous le voyons jamais. (We never see him.)Je nai aucune idà ©e Jai aucune idà ©e. (I have no idea.)Je nen sais rien Jen sais rien. (I dont know anything about it.)

Management Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Accounting - Research Paper Example Management accounting is not a specific system of accounts, but could be any form of accounting which enables a business to be conducted more effectively and efficiently. Management accounting in the words of Robert S. Kaplan, is a system that collects, classifies, summaries, analyses and reports information that will assist managers in their decision making and control activities. Accounting may be defined as â€Å"the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing ... transactions and events and interpreting the results thereof†. Two types of accounting are usually taking place in organizations; financial accounting and management accounting. Financial accounting and managerial accounting are entirely different things even though some people perceive both as same thing. Financial accounting is a reporting method to stakeholders outside the organization whereas management accounting is a reporting method intended for the stakeholders inside the organization. In other words, management accounting helps managers inside the organization to take sound decisions. Management accounting is a multifaceted entity and therefore it undergoes various processes like data collection, analysis, interpretations, implementations of decisions etc. Management accounting can be considered as an extension to cost accounting since it uses many of the data used for cost accou nting. â€Å"From a management accounting point of view the primary purpose of management is to make decisions that may be classified as marketing, production, and financial† (Management Accounting and Decision-Making, n.d, p.24). Unlike cost accounting, management accounting is usually done through unregulated channels since it is intended for the internal use alone. Various sources of data such as accounting system, production and sales department, business process etc can affect management accounting. Sources of data for management accounting and how these data are used to make management decisions Accounts department, Production department, sales department and the business process are the major data sources for management accounting. Accounts department is the most important source of data for management accounting. In fact the top managers taking critical decisions about the future business strategies of an organization based on the feedbacks they receive from the accou nts department. Accounts department is the only entity in an organization which knows the current financial strength of an organization. They are the ones who hand the debts and credits of the organization. Moreover, they are the ones which estimate the profits and losses of an organization during a particular period. Accounts department also identifies the underperforming areas of the organization. All these information will help the top managers in taking sound decisions and guiding the organization towards prosperity. Only the production department knows the volume of raw materials, labor and time required for the completion of a particular job and therefore the accounts department should consult with production department before making any estimation about the probable cost an organization may spend for the completion of a particular work. Some jobs may appear simple in its nature; however, the complications involved in the actual production of such jobs are better known only to the production people. On the other hand, some other jobs would be easier for the production department even if it appears to be complicated. Since the accounts departments may not have the technical know-hows about the various mechanisms or methods used in the production of a particular product, costing of a job without consultation with the production department will always generate problems to the organization. The accounts department may quote more or less price for a particular job if they fail to seek the advices of the production de

The effects of interest rate liberalization to the risk of commercial Literature review

The effects of interest rate liberalization to the risk of commercial banks in china - Literature review Example Under such method levying of extra charges of loan is not allowed. Researchers say during 1974-1978 Development Plans, the government of different countries felt the need to review the interest rate in order to encourage the savings through the bank and to create disincentive to eradicate the speculation and uneconomic use of savings by the borrowers. During 1980 the interest rate policy was used to achieve the following objectives. Firstly interest rate policy was aimed to keep the general level of interest rate positive so that savings can be encouraged and contribute to the maintenance of financial stability in real terms. Secondly it was framed to allow greater flexibility and greater competition amongst the banks and non banking financing institution in order to enhance the effective and efficient allocation of financial resources. Thirdly the policy was objected to reduce the differential and to maximize the lending’s of banks. After 1974 a review on the interest rate li beralization was done during 1980 which allowed commercials banks to get a better room to complete and to have a better flexibility to meet the need of the customers (Ngugi and Kabubo, March 1998, pp. - 9-10). As per to Feyzioglu, Porter and Takas (2009); interest rate liberalization provide with many benefits. ... On contrary interest rate liberalization also exert a negative impact on the financial sector (Feyzioglu, Porter and Takas, 2009). Again according to Shih (2011), interest rate liberalization reduces the cost of governance for central bankers. He added that interest rate liberalization gets affected with short term political incentives. But in long term liberalization of lending interest rates reduces the need for central bank official to ration the credit (Shih, September 2011, pp. – 437-438). The Current Researches on the Interest Rate Liberalization The researchers Bekaert, Harvey and Lundblad (April 2001) demonstrated that interest liberalization increase growth. They observed that the interest rate liberalization lead to a percent increase in the annual per capita GDP growth. They also added that they did find this growth to be statistically significant. Based on the researches the interest liberalization was also economically important. They examined the same by using a classic growth framework of regression for certain developing countries. They assumed that the human capital variables move from 25th percentile to the median of all countries in consideration. They also moved the size of the government sector and population growth from 75th percentile to the cross sectional median. Then a positive impact on growth was calculated given the changes in these four variables. Next a comparison with liberalization was made. The liberalization indicator added 1.1%. This liberalization contributed 40% of the total growth increment. Researchers also made a keen observation on channels where liberalization had an impact on increased